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(5) Other: PPD skin test, serum total IgE and specific IgE measurement and skin prick test (5), 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring, esophageal intraluminal impedance detection. The exhaled nitric oxide measurement, tracheobronchial biopsy, cough receptor sensitivity detection of the diagnostic value of chronic cough in children is uncertain.
6. congenital respiratory disease (congenital respiartory disorders): mainly seen in infants and young children, especially within 1 year of age. Including congenital tracheoesophageal sputum, airway pressure congenital vascular malformations, throat tracheobronchomalacia and (or) stenosis, bronchial lung cysts, ciliary dyskinesia, mediastinal tumors. Gormley reported: 75% of tracheomalacia children (second only to congenital vascular malformation) with persistent cough, which may impede the discharge and the discharge of tracheomalacia bronchitis and peripheral damage and so on. The disease is often misdiagnosed as asthma.
cough symptoms persist> 4 weeks is called chronic cough.
3. antimicrobial agents: clear the bacteria or Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia infection of the pathogenic chronic cough may consider the use of antimicrobial drugs. Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia infection may choose a large ring esters of antibiotics, including erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and so on. Other pathogen infection after treatment in the initial experience, adjusted for antibiotic susceptibility test results should be used.
[definitions] [Treatment]
clinical diagnosis of children with chronic cough should take full account of the age factor, different ages common causes of chronic cough in children as shown in Table 2.
5. eosinophilic bronchitis (eosinophilic bornchitis, EB): EB in 1989 by Gibso first report, a recent prospective study revealed, EB in adult patients with chronic cough, accounting for 13.5%. EB is considered to be important for adults with chronic cough, one of the reasons, but the incidence in children is not clear [E / B].
First, the drug treatment
5. drug-induced cough is the best treatment discontinuation;
acute respiratory infection, cough lasting more than 4 weeks after infection, cough consideration. The mechanism may be caused by infection of the integrity of airway epithelial damage and (or) ciliated columnar epithelial cells of squamous metaplasia and (or) persistent airway inflammation associated with transient airway hyperresponsiveness. After infection, the clinical features and diagnosis of cough clues are: (1) a clear recent history of respiratory tract infections; (2) was irritating dry cough or cough with a small amount of white mucus; (3) chest X-ray examination was normal; (4 ) normal lung function; (5) cough is usually self-limiting; (6) except for chronic cough caused by other reasons. If coughing for more than 8 weeks, other diagnoses should be considered.
(2007 年 12 月)
4. of airway foreign bodies should promptly remove the foreign body;
First, age characteristics

EB Clinical characteristics and Diagnostic clues include: (1) chronic irritating cough; (2) normal chest X-ray film; (3) pulmonary function was normal and no airway hyperresponsiveness; (4) the relative sputum eosinophil percentage> 3 %; (5) oral or inhaled corticosteroid treatment is effective.
(2) pulmonary function: more than 5 years old children should be routinely performed pulmonary function tests, if necessary, according to one second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), bronchodilator test or further line bronchial challenge test, in order to assist asthma ( including CVA) and EB diagnosis and identification.
2. of the sinusitis nasal lavage can be, used decongestant drugs;
1. medical history and physical examination: detailed history, as far as possible to find out the cause of chronic cough include physical, chemical, biological The reasons, which cause the diagnosis has an important role. Note that the nature of cough, such as bark-like, yang-like, such as intermittent or paroxysmal, cough aggravating factors and associated symptoms. Chronic cough with sputum, should pay attention to whether the bronchiectasis and the potential changes underlying diseases such as cystic fibrosis and immune deficiency diseases. Physical examination of the lungs and heart, with or without a purple to bed, oak fingers and so on. Attention to assessing children growth and development, respiratory rate, thoracic or without malformations.
Note to remove or avoid the cause, increased cough factors.
first draft guidelines in September 2007 was held in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, the “children with chronic cough and recurrent respiratory tract infections Symposium” on pediatric respiratory solicit industry experts and clinical pediatrician advice; second draft of the guide again Branch of Chinese Medical Science has been breathing more than 10 experts study group audit. On this basis, “Journal of Pediatrics,” editorial and final will be held to determine the contents of this guide include: diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in children and recommended evidence-based medicine level of evidence rating, the definition of chronic cough in children, etiology, diagnosis its procedures and treatment.
Introduction cough is the most common respiratory diseases of children symptoms. Clinically complex causes cough, chronic cough, especially children, the diagnosis can be difficult and permanently affected the life of children with physical and mental health and learning, and to the parents and the community to bring additional economic burden.
Second,
a diagnostic procedure, diagnostic tools
UACS the clinical features and diagnostic clues are: (1) chronic cough with or without sputum, cough, postural changes in the early morning or staggering , often accompanied by nasal congestion, runny nose, throat and a foreign body sensation, repeated Qingyan, a liquid attached to the posterior pharyngeal Ru sense, a small number of patients complained of headache, dizziness, fever, etc.; (2) Check the sinus area may have tenderness, sinus openings may have yellow-white discharge flow, pharyngeal follicular hyperplasia significantly, showing cobblestone-like, sometimes visible posterior pharyngeal Bo liquid-like material attached; (3) targeted therapies such as antihistamines and white leukotriene receptor antagonists, such as nasal corticosteroids effective; (4) caused by sinusitis, sinus X-ray or CT film shows the corresponding changes.
2011 年 03 月 16 日
6. of psychogenic cough may be given psychological treatment;
refers to prompt specific cause of cough accompanied by other symptoms or signs, that cough is the a clear diagnosis of the disease symptoms. Such as cough with expiratory dyspnea, auscultation of breath or wheezing with extended, often prompted intrathoracic airway lesions such as tracheal bronchitis, asthma, congenital airway abnormalities (such as tracheobronchomalacia), etc.; with breathing rapid, hypoxia, or inflammation of the lungs purple tips to those who; with stunted growth, oak-like fingers (toes) often prompts severe chronic lung disease and congenital heart disease; accompanied by purulent inflammation of the lungs were prompt, bronchial expansion, etc.; with hemoptysis prompted serious lung infection, pulmonary vascular disease, pulmonary hemosiderosis disease or bronchiectasis, etc.
1. to avoid contact with allergens, cold, smoke environment [B];
(4) in induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and pathogenic microorganisms were isolated and cultured: respiratory tract infection or tips can be clearly pathogens, eosinophils increased if the diagnosis of EB is so allergic inflammation of the main indicators.
2. Antihistamines: H1 receptor antagonists such as chlorpheniramine, loratadine, cetirizine repetitious, etc. can be used to treat UACS.
2. auxiliary examination: (1) radiology: Children with chronic cough should be routine chest X-ray examination, chest X-ray film according to normal or not, decide the next step of treatment or diagnosis. When the film slips suspected sinusitis or suggestions to the film bit Otorhinolaryngology further treatment. Chest CT help to identify mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes and small lesions within the lung field, high-resolution CT is helpful for atypical bronchiectasis, interstitial lung disease diagnosis. Nasal sinus CT films showed exclusion of the film thickness> 4mm or liquid level within the sinus opacity or blur is the characteristic changes of sinusitis. Department of sinus CT, MRI examination is indispensable means of diagnosis, but not as a routine examination, visual condition by the doctors decided to implement. Interpretation of the results, especially in children under 1 year old children should also be careful, because the imperfect development of pediatric sinus (on the collar sinus, ethmoid sinus, but there is very small when born, frontal, sphenoid sinus appeared at age 5 to 6), the structure does not clear imaging alone is likely to cause “sinusitis” excessive diagnosis.
treatment of chronic cough in children is a clear principle of cause, for the cause of treatment [E / A]. If the cause is unknown, symptomatic treatment can be empirical in order to achieve effective control; if the treatment does not relieve cough, should be re-evaluated. Antitussives should not be used in infants. ACCP recommends non-specific chronic cough in children treatment process, the expectations of parents of children should be given attention and emphasis [E / B], follow-up after treatment and re-emphasize the importance of evaluation, namely: observe (watch), wait (wait ) and follow-up (review).
6. antitussives: chronic cough, especially without a clear cause of the former do not advocate the use of antitussives and the use of these drugs with some of the morbidity and mortality, warning American Academy of Pediatrics, codeine disabled in the treatment of various types of cough [A]. Promethazine (phenergan) and sedation may mislead parents, the application of the drug to reduce the noise at the expense of the child adverse drug reactions, including irritability, hallucinations, abnormal muscle tone, and even apnea, infant sudden death. Adverse reactions in infants performed significantly, causing WHO warning: Promethazine is contraindicated in 2 years of age
3. Postural changes, changes in food properties, smaller meals, etc. on the GERC effective;
development of this guide main reference 2006 American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) “evidence-based chronic cough in children clinical practice guidelines”, but also as the clinical experience with domestic, designed to regulate and guide the pediatrician for diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough.
8. Other causes: (1) foreign body inhalation (foerign body aspiration): Coughing is a foreign body airway after inhalation of the most common symptoms of foreign body aspiration in children, especially children aged 1 – 3 important reasons for chronic cough .
Second, specific cough (specific cough)
Branch of Chinese Medical Science Respiratory Study Group
4. gastroesophageal reflux cough (gastroesophageal reflux cough, GERC): gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in infants and young children is a physiological phenomenon. Healthy infants a 40% incidence of GER 65%, 1 to 4-month peak, more than 1 year old natural ease. When the cause of symptoms and (or) with gastro-esophageal dysfunction is when a disease gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GER prevalence in children by about 15%. Recent study found 49 cases of chronic cough in children only four cases of GER (8.2%), and Zhao Shunying, etc. The results showed: 50 cases of chronic cough in only 1 case of GER, so there is no definitive evidence that children with chronic GER in China common cause of cough [E / B]. GERC clinical features and diagnostic clues are: (1) paroxysmal cough, cough and sometimes drama, occurred at night; (2) Most symptoms appear in the diet, feeding difficulties. Some children with upper abdominal or epigastric discomfort, retrosternal burning sensation, [hot] credit card no annual fee for life can be? Bank is somewhat non-permissive _ credit card information chest pain, sore throat, etc.; (3) In addition to causing coughing baby , it can also cause apnea, bradycardia and back arched; (4) can lead to stagnation or delayed growth and development in children.
4. asthma anti-inflammatory drugs: including corticosteroids, pZ receptor agonist, M receptor blockers, leukotriene receptor antagonist, theophylline and other drugs. Mainly used for CVA, EB, allergic rhinitis and other targeted therapies. Glucocorticoid treatment for 2 to 4 weeks after the assessment again [B]. Infection is generally self-relieve cough, severe symptoms may be considered for short-term use of inhaled or oral corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists or M receptor antagonist.
diagnosis of chronic cough in children [and processes]
“Journal of Pediatrics,” the editorial board
5. digestive system drugs: advocate the use of H2 receptor antagonists such as cimetidine and promote gastric motility drugs such as domperidone, etc. [E / B]. Children lack of experience in the use of proton pump inhibitors.
children with chronic cough diagnosis and treatment guidelines (Trial)
3. upper airway cough syndrome (upper airway cough syndorme, UACS): a variety of rhinitis (allergic and non-allergic), sinusitis, chronic pharyngitis, chronic tonsillitis, nasal polyps, adenoid hypertrophy and other upper airway disorders can cause chronic cough, postnasal drip with previously diagnosed (flow) syndrome (postnasal drainage syndrome, PNDs), which means nasal secretions by choanal back to the throat caused by coughing. ACPP recommended _L airway cough syndrome (upper airway cough syndrome, UACS) the name replaced PNDS.
1. respiratory tract infection after infection and cough (respiartory inefctions and postinfectious cough): Many pathogenic microorganisms such as Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, viruses (especially respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, cytomegalovirus inclusion virus), Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia and other respiratory infections are caused by common causes of chronic cough in children, more common in the <5-year-old preschool children.
Third, non-specific cough (non a specific cough)
(3) bronchoscopy (fiberoptic bronchoscopy, rigid bronchoscopy, etc.): for suspicion of airway malformations, foreign bodies (including foreign body airway students , sputum) and other causes of chronic cough and the need for pollution prevention inspection viable pathogenic microorganisms bronchoscopy.

1. expectorant drugs: chronic cough with phlegm, such as, the principle should be expectorant, can not simply cough, so as not to aggravate or cause airway obstruction, N-B can be used semi-hazy acid phenol, Australia claims hydrochloride, guaiacol glycerol ether, myrtle oil and herbal expectorant agent [E / B].
past 20 years, the United States and Europe on the causes and treatment of adult cough were many systems research, development of guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of cough in 2005, the Chinese Society of Respiratory Diseases, will also develop a cough, the diagnosis of adult and treatment guidelines.
children, banned as antitussives [A]. Cochrane on the symptomatic treatment of pertussis comments also mentioned the benefits of using diphenhydramine had no significant [E / A].
CVA clinical features and diagnostic clues are: (1) persistent cough> 4 weeks, often at night and (or) early morning attack, exercise, cold air after a case of cough, no clinical signs of infection or after long time antibiotic therapy; (2) diagnostic treatment bronchodilators can relieve cough symptoms; (3) normal lung function, bronchial provocation test prompt airway hyperresponsiveness; (4) history of allergic diseases including allergic history, and positive family history of allergic disease. Allergens can be positive diagnosis; (5) than other causes of chronic cough.
pediatrician should be cognizant of chronic cough is a symptom, as clear as possible to the clinical cause of chronic cough. Diagnostic procedures should be simple to complex, from common to rare disease. Diagnostic treatment to help diagnose chronic cough in children, the principle is no clear cause of the prompt, press UACS, CVA, GERC order diagnostic treatment [E / B]. Diagnostic process detailed in Figure 1.
2. cough variant asthma (cough variant asthma, CVA): CVA among children, especially preschool and school-age children, one of the common causes of chronic cough.
7. timely vaccination, the prevention of respiratory diseases and respiratory infections.
refers to cough as the main or only performance, no abnormal chest X-ray of chronic cough. Currently the chronic cough clinic mainly refers to this type of cough, also known as “narrow, chronic cough.” Reasons for non-specific cough in children with age characteristics, the system requires careful assessment, a detailed medical history and physical examination [E / A], children need to make this kind of chest X-ray examination, age appropriate lung function should be Check the [E / B].
7. psychogenic cough (psychogenic cough): ACCP recommendations, children psychogenic cough tic disorders only exception, and after a behavioral intervention or therapy improved the cough can be diagnosed; characteristics of psychogenic cough cough is only suggestive, does not have a diagnosis of [E / B]. Psychogenic cough, the clinical characteristics and diagnostic clues are: (1) more common in older children; (2) cough during the day mainly focused on something, or rest at night cough disappeared; (3) is often accompanied by anxiety ; (4) not associated with organic diseases, except for cause and other causes of chronic cough. Etiology]
Second, the non-drug treatment

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Abstract Houttuynia injection of traditional Chinese medicine injection as serious adverse events of clinical drug representatives, and then study and re-evaluation of its work has a very important practical significance. Houttuynia injection of re-evaluation to carry out safety work, must preparation process, quality standards, pharmacology and toxicology, clinical economics and other aspects of drug use and a comprehensive scientific assessment. This group of Houttuynia injection causes adverse clinical analysis of the system, a clear Houttuynia injection, the main allergens, improve production quality standards, improve Houttuynia injection preparation process, which advances the safety injection , effectiveness and stability, to restore production to its scientific basis and clinical applications. This paper includes the following four elements: A literature review of this paper discusses the literature review part of the system three aspects: ① Houttuynia cordata and its preparation of progress; ② Houttuynia injection Analysis of clinical adverse reactions and responses; ③ Tween 80 and injected with excipient hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin research. These discussion papers of the overall study as a theoretical foundation. 2 Houttuynia injection of the original, the new formulation and evaluation of the allergenicity accessories experimental study in mice were used in this study, Beagle dogs and cynomolgus monkeys of Houttuynia injection of the original, new agents and their evaluation of materials for sensitization research. Class allergy test to a single intravenous injection constant, observed changes in behavior of animals after administration and blood histamine content. Allergy test is administered intravenously three times every other day, this is the sensitization phase, in the first 14 days after administration of double dose to stimulate delivery. The same observation of animal behavior and changes in plasma histamine, IgE levels, a comprehensive determination results. The results showed that allergic reactions to Beagle dogs for the best experimental animals, abnormal behavior and to determine the main indicators of elevated histamine, IgE as an auxiliary indicator, accurate and reliable results. Cynomolgus monkeys under the same conditions as the animal sensitive. More non-typical behavior in mice, blood parameters larger error detection, the experimental results for reference only. Experiments show that Tween 80 is a representation of material-induced allergic reactions. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin anaphylactoid and allergic reactions were negative. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as solubilizer of Houttuynia injection allergenicity evaluation of new agents were negative. 3 Houttuynia injection of new, more original formulation of pharmacology experiments using anti-virus and PR8 influenza virus FM1 strains of mice infected with pneumonia model in vivo, in vitro CPE method and neuraminidase fluorescence assay, viral load testing and mice died protect the experimental methods, the results show Houttuynia injection of new formulations of influenza virus infection in mice caused by inflammation of the lungs showed significant treatment and prevention can improve the symptoms of pneumonia in mice, reducing the lung index, viral load, reduce mortality and prolong survival time of mice; but its antiviral activity is not directly inhibit or kill by viruses to the neuraminidase activity is not inhibited. New agents for the xylene-induced ear edema in mice significantly inhibited, can reduce the acetic acid induced capillary permeability in mice; while reducing yeast-induced fever, and on LPS-induced rabbit body temperature significantly inhibited. Houttuynia injection, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic effect may be through inhibition of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and PGE2 play a role acquittal. Houttuynia injection of new, original anti-viral agents, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects rather. 4 Houttuynia injection of Tween 80 to establish qualitative and quantitative determination of cobalt in this study, ammonium thiocyanate color method, thin layer chromatography and bismuth potassium iodide method of three methods for the qualitative identification of Tween 80, the experimental results are consistent. Tween 80 quantitative detection method can detect the correct medicine injections of Tween 80 concentration. Tween 80 qualitative and quantitative methods based on laboratory conditions can be randomly selected from different manufacturers and different batches of samples for qualitative and quantitative determination of Tween 80. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: traditional Chinese medicine injections induced similarities and differences between allergies and allergic reactions comparison: traditional Chinese medicine injections lead to serious adverse reactions in clinical than 70% of allergic reactions, and the classic IgE-mediated antigen-antibody reaction are different. Main features are: the first injection can be a serious adverse reactions and anaphylactic shock, and allergic reactions similar syndrome. A non-antigen-antibody reaction, IgE, IgG no significant changes regularly, but the body was significantly higher amine group gender health. The allergenic substance of the material and the antigen or hapten-induced histamine acquittal for some variety of substances. There is a clear dose-response relationship, high-dose, high concentrations can induce severe adverse reactions. Multiple injections can be combined with advances in the incidence and severity of dj. Allergic reactions to Beagle dogs for the best experimental animals, abnormal behavior and to determine the main indicators of elevated histamine, IgE as an auxiliary indicator, accurate and reliable results. Therefore, the recommended method of Beagle dogs sensitized evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine injection factory as routine safety tests. Houttuynia injection in 2 major allergens of solubilizer Tween 80, Houttuynia double-distilled solution without significant side effects. Traditional Chinese medicine injection allergens trigger adverse reactions in addition to the drug itself factors into account, as well as additional materials preparation and preparation, storage process, the exogenous pollutants, which is to find and solve the adverse reactions induced by injection of traditional Chinese medicine provides a guideline factors and methods . 3 widely used Tween 80 at home and abroad. 134 varieties of traditional Chinese medicine injections of Tween 80 added cases uncertain. If all of these species will replace dozens of injections related to products, hundreds of manufacturers and the survival of hundreds of thousands of industrial workers, social stability and economic impact must carefully consider the subject. Through our research found that Tween 80 caused by allergic reactions there is a clear dose-effect relationship. Therefore, the preferred best quality, the optimal dosage and concentration of Tween 80, both to ensure the solubilization effect, but also to maximize the security and progress of preparations preparation stability. 4 hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solubilization effect is good, stable, and no significant toxicity, allergenicity and hemolytic, is the ideal solubilizer. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin replace Tween 80 Houttuynia injection of new agents, their solubility, safety and efficacy is not affected, its resumption of production and provide a scientific basis for clinical application. Houttuynia injection 5-induced serious adverse clinical factors in addition to the drug itself factors into the preparation process plus Tween 80, and clinical medicine is not fair, but also there are many incidental factors. Therefore, this study addressed only the safety of traditional Chinese medicine injection in the event of a factor, but not the only factor, but also to carry out deep into the various studies, injection of traditional Chinese medicine a comprehensive re-evaluation and further research ideas and methods. The innovation of this study are as follows: 1 more Chinese medicine injections lead to similarities and differences between anaphylactoid and allergic reactions, mainly from the clinical response, pathogenesis, inducing substances, times of administration, dose, detection of targets, non-clinical evaluation of methods and incompatibility have been summarized and summary; 2 different species of animals like allergic experimental study, preferably animals, test indicators, optimizing the allergenicity assessment methods, traditional Chinese medicine injection allergic reactions to establish the evaluation methods and indicators; 3 through a series of pharmaceutical, safety and comparative pharmacological studies confirmed that hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as solubilizer of Houttuynia cordata injection safety of new formulations of significant progress, efficacy and very original formulation, it is more a vision of development and application of Anabaena grass injection. More restore
Keywords Houttuynia injection; adverse reactions; Tween 80; hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin; allergies and allergic reactions; Beagle dogs; cynomolgus monkeys; histamine; IgE ; anti-virus; anti-inflammatory; antipyretic; qualitative and quantitative analysis;
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intravenous injection Houttuynia sensitization evaluation and comparison of pharmacological Research Study on the Sensitization Evaluation and Comparative Pharmacology of Houttuynia Cordata Injection in Intravenous download page to download the entire sub-chapter online does not support download Thunder and other download tools. Abnormalities such as reading literature shows, download and install the new version of CAJ readers.
[Abstract] The re-evaluation and re-research of Houttuynia Cordata injection, as the CTMI clinical adverse reactions occurred representatives, are very practical significance. The safety re-evaluation of Houttuynia Cordata injection was be carried out on comprehensive scientific assessments, such as: preparation process, quality standards, pharmacology and toxicology, clinical use and drugs economics. Systematic analysis of the clinical adverse reaction causesd by Houttuynia injection, clear the main allergens, improve production quality standards and preparation process, inhance Houttuynia injection safety , effectiveness and stability, in order to restore production and provide scientific basis for clinical applications.1, Literature ReviewIn the part of literature review, we discussed three aspects: ① The reseach of Houttuynia and its preparations; ② The analysis and strategy of clinical adverse reaction by Houttuynia injection; ③ Research for injection accessories of Tween 80 and hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin. These put forward the theoretical basis for the overall study.2, Study on evaluation of allergenicity of original, new Houttuynia injection and different auxiliariesThis study on allergenicity evaluation the original , new Houttuynia injection and different auxiliaries for used mice, Beagle dogs and rhesus macaque. Anaphylactoid experiment, with single intravenous dose of constant injection, observed changes in behavior of animals after administration and the concentration of histamine. Allergy test was carried out, through intravenous injection of three times to Beagle dogdjs to immunize, and inject double doses of injections to stimulate in the 9 days after the last sensitized. Observe the allergy situation of Beagle dogs and measure the concentrationns of histamine, IgE in plasma with ELISA after administration in order to determine results. The results show that Beagle dogs to anaphylactoid reactions is the best experimental animal, behavior disorders and histamine concentration as the main index, IgE as the secondary indicator. Rhesus macaque under the same conditions is not sensitive. Atypical behavior and blood indexes in mice are not occurred, its results are not for reference. Tween 80 is the representation of substance-induced anaphylactoid reactions. The results of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in anaphylactoid and allergic reactions are negative. The results in allergenicity evaluation from new Houttuynia cordata injection with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as solubilizer are also negative.3, Study on comparative pharmacology of new, original Houttuynia intravenous injectionsIn this study, the model of infected mice with pneumonia influenza virus PR8 and FM1 strains in vivo, CPE in vitro and neuraminidase Fluorescence, viral load testing and death to protect experimental methods were used.The results show that the new Houttuynia injection had obvious effects of treatment and prevention for the pulmonary inflammation resuting form influenza virus infection in mice, improving the pneumonia symptoms, reducing the lung index and viral load, reducing mortality and prolong survival time; but its antiviral activity is not inhibited or killed by the virus directly, the neuraminidase activity is not inhibited. The new preparation could significantly inhibit the swelling degree of mice ear induced by dimethyl benzene and the effusion of Evans blue from capillary permeability induced by acetic acid in mice; they also could decrease the rectal temperature induced by yeast liquid in rats and LPS-induced in rabbit fever. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic of Houttuynia injection may be inhibitied by the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and PGE2. Anti virus, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic of new, original Houttuynia injection are quite.4, Establishment of qualitative and quantitative determination of Tween 80 in Houttuynia injectionAmmonium cobalt thiocyanate color method, thin layer chromatography and bismuth potassium iodide was used to the qualitative identification of Tween 80, the results are consistent. Quantitative analysis of Tween 80 can accurately detect the concentration of Tween 80 in TCMI. Qualitative and quantitative methods of Tween 80 can at randomly detect the samples of different manufacturers and batches of TCMI containing Tween 80 under laboratory conditions.The conclusions1, Comparison the similarities and differences between allergy and anaphylactoid reactions induced by TCMITCMI lead to serious adverse in clinical over 70% of anaphylactoid reactions, different to classical IgE-mediated antibody-antigen response. Main features of anaphylactoid reactions are: First injection, serious adverse reactions can be arised, such as anaphylactic shock, and similar syndrome with allergic reactions. It is non-antigen-antibody reaction, no significant changes in IgE and IgG , but histamine significantly increased in vivo. The allergenic substance is antigen or hapten as well as histamine-induced release substances. Obvious dose-effect relationship, it can induce serious adverse in high dose and concentrations. Combined with a variety of injections can increase the incidence and severity. Beagle dogs to anaphylactoid reactions is the best experimental animal, behavior disorders and histamine content as the main index, IgE as the secondary indicator. Therefore, assessment of sensitization in Beagle dogs should be a routine safety testing methods of TCMI in Pharmaceutical factory.2, The major allergenic substances in Houttuynia cordata injection is Tween 80, Houttuynia double-distilled liquid is no obvious side effects.The allergens triggerred adverse reactions of TCMI should account into the drug itimmolation factors, plused accessories in preparation as well as the exogenous and endogenous contaminants in the torage process, which provi CITIC Bank that pits father, buried by an annual fee to upgrade CITIC credit card trap de ideas in the identification of adverse drug reactions induced by TCMI.3, Tween 80 are widely used at home and abroad. Tween 80 in 134 varieties of TCMI added uncertain.If Tween 80 of all of these species will be replaced must affect the survival of hundreds of manufacturers and hundreds of thousands of industrial workers, social stability and economic impact must be carefully taken into account.4 , Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin is the ideal solubilizer, which has the good solubilization effect, stability, and no significant toxicity, sensitization, hemolytic. New Houttuynia injection with Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as solubilizer has good solubility, safety and efficacy, these provide scientific basis for restoring production and clinical applications.5, The factors of Houttuynia injection induced clinical serious adverse are not immolation-medication, adding Tween 80 in preparation process as well as clinical irrational drug use, but also many incidental one.This study only solve one of the factors of the safety incident of TCMI, but not the all, many studies also need in depth, which will put forward the further research ideas and methods for the comprehensive re-evaluation of CTMI.Innovation of this study1, Comparison with the differences in anaphylactoid and allergic reactions lead to by TCMI: clinical syndrome, pathogenesis, inducing substances, frequency of administration, dosage, test indicators, non-clinical evaluation methods and incompatibility; 2, Using different animal experiments in the anaphylactoid research, purpose is the optimization of experimental animals, detection index and allergenicity evaluation method, which can establish the evaluation methods and indicators of anaphylactoid reactions by TCMI; 3, Through a series of pharmacy, security research and comparative pharmacology, The new Houttuynia cordata injection with hydroxypropyl-β- cyclodextrin as solubilizer significantly improves the safety, the same efficacy with the original preparation, it has better prospects of development and application in the future. more boring restore
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[Key words] Houttuynia cordata injection; adverse drug reactions; Polysorbate 80; hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin; allergy and anaphylactoid reactions; Beagle dogs; Rhesus Macaque; histamine; IgE; anti-virus; anti-inflammatory; Antipyretic; qualitative and quantitative analysis;
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Of rhinitis (allergic and non-allergic), sinusitis, chronic pharyngitis, chronic tonsillitis, nasal polyps, adenoid hypertrophy and other upper airway diseases can cause chronic cough, postnasal drip with previously diagnosed (flow) composite sign (PNDs), which means nasal secretions through the nose to the throat after the hole caused by reflux cough. American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) recommend the use of upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) the name replaced PNDs.
H1 receptor antagonists such as chlorpheniramine, loratadine, cetirizine, etc. can be used to treat UACS.
children with chronic cough diagnosis and treatment guidelines (Trial)
leukotriene receptor antagonists for asthma-related cough, the role of
(3) In addition to baby cough, it can also cause suffocation, bradycardia and back arched;
[Diagnosis of chronic cough in children and the process]
2007 年 12 月 Branch of Chinese Medical Science study group and the breathing “Journal of Pediatrics,” the development of the Editorial Board
Many pathogenic microorganisms, such as Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, viruses (especially respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, cytomegalovirus [Top] Everbright Bank credit card fees out more than a year the first year 200 cells according to income inclusion virus), pneumonia mycoplasma, chlamydia and other respiratory infections are caused by common causes of chronic cough in children, more common in the <5-year-old preschool children. the dangers of cough
psychogenic cough
radiology:
3 serious condition, can not disable the anti-dust mite allergy drugs
75 (83.3) 410 48 13
silk 4 (4.4) 2 2
improve
cough variant asthma, acute respiratory infection, cough lasting more than 4 weeks after infection, cough consideration. The mechanism may be caused by infection of the integrity of airway epithelial damage and (or) ciliated columnar epithelial cells of squamous and (or) persistent airway inflammation associated with transient airway hyperresponsiveness.
clear the bacteria or Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia infection of the pathogenic chronic cough may consider the use of antimicrobial drugs. Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia infection may choose to macrolide antibiotics, including erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and so on. Other pathogen infection after treatment in the initial experience, adjusted for antibiotic susceptibility test results should be used.
milk 1 (1.1) 1
chronic cough in children of different ages
common causes of cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, genitourinary,
psychogenic cough and clinical features diagnostic clues have
(5) cough is usually self-limiting;
CVA airway eosinophil levels
soybean 7 (7.8) 5 2
(4) history of allergic diseases, including drug allergies, and positive family history of allergic disease. Allergens can be positive diagnosis;
(1) persistent cough> 4 weeks, often at night and (or) early morning attack, exercise, cold air after a case of cough, no clinical signs of infection or a long-time antibiotic therapy;
crab 21 (23.3) 127 2
NAEB (non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis)
CT ??nasal sinus films showed thickening> 4mm or sinus There are vague or opaque liquid level is the characteristic changes of sinusitis. Department of sinus CT, MRI examination is indispensable means of diagnosis, but not as a routine examination, visual condition by the doctors decided to implement. Interpretation of the results, especially in children under 1 year old children should also be careful, because the imperfect development of children sinuses (maxillary, ethmoid birth already exists but is very small, frontal, sphenoid sinus appeared at age 5-6), the structure is not clear , imaging alone is likely to cause “sinusitis” excessive diagnosis.
inhaled allergens (90 cases)
bacterial sinusitis, asthma, etc.
1. History and physical examination:
antihistamines
EB in 1989 by Gibso first report, a recent prospective study revealed, EB in adult patients with chronic cough, accounting for 13.5%. EB is considered to be important for adults with chronic cough, one of the reasons, but the incidence in children is not clear.
vivo acute cough:
school-age upper airway cough syndrome, cough variant asthma, cough, infection, tuberculosis, psychogenic cough, airway foreign body, bronchiectasis, etc. < br /> GERD
after infection, the clinical features and diagnosis of cough clues are:
(4) not associated with organic diseases, except for cause and other causes of chronic cough.
pollen 32 (35.6) 19 12 1
evidence-based medicine, evidence suggests
prick test is a special point of the needle piercing the skin shallow, so that the extract directly to the skin test mast cells within the local reactions induced by contact.
subacute cough:
definition of chronic cough in children
4 for various reasons, patients are unable to personally accept the in vivo experiments.
(4) caused by sinusitis, sinus x-ray or CT film shows the corresponding changes.
children with chronic cough diagnosis and treatment
2010 年 07 月 18 日
gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in infants and young children is a physiological phenomenon. Therefore, there is no definitive evidence that GER is our common cause of chronic cough in children.
antitussives when patients have the following situation, in vitro tests can be:
such as chronic cough with phlegm, expectorant should be based on the principle, not simply cough, so as not to aggravate or cause airway obstruction, can use N-acetylcysteine, ambroxol, guaiacol glycerol ether, myrtle oil and herbal expectorant agent.
(5) oral or inhaled corticosteroid treatment is effective.
antimicrobial effects of drugs on skin tests
CVA among children, especially preschool and school-age children, one of the common causes of chronic cough.
ingestion of allergens (90 cases)
after infection for symptoms of cough asthma
effective treatment of allergic rhinitis also
(2) chest X-ray normal;
5 years old children should be routinely performed pulmonary function tests, if necessary, according to one second forced expiratory volume (FEVl), and further bronchial dilation test or bronchial challenge test, in order to assist asthma (including CVA) of the diagnosis and identification with the EB.
induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and pathogenic microorganisms were isolated and cultured: You can clear respiratory tract infection pathogens or tips, if eosinophils increased diagnosis of EB is so allergic inflammation of the main indicators.
eosinophilic bronchitis (EB):
(4) the relative sputum eosinophil percentage> 3%;
(3) targeted treatments such as antihistamines and leukotriene receptor antagonists, such as nasal corticosteroids effective;
Strawberry 2 (2.2) 1 1
infection *
CVA, infection in children with cough and UACS airway inflammation are present
cotton 2 (2.2) 2
cough variant asthma (CVA)
(5) except for other causes of chronic cough.
other
(3) is often accompanied by anxiety;
(4) pulmonary function was normal;
leukotrienes in the airways is an important inflammatory mediators, but also with other cells factor or interaction of inflammatory mediators
positive rate (%)
pediatricians should clearly understand that only a symptom of chronic cough, the clinical cause of chronic cough to clear as much as possible the cause. Diagnostic procedures should be simple to complex, from common to rare disease. Diagnostic treatment to help diagnose chronic cough in children, the principle is no clear cause of the prompt, press UACS, CVA, GERC order diagnostic treatment [E / B].
UCAS (PNDS)
(3) pulmonary function was normal and no airway hyperresponsiveness;
asthma anti-inflammatory drugs:
bronchoscopy in vitro method < br /> mainly seen in infants and young children, especially within 1 year of age. Including congenital tracheoesophageal fistula, congenital vascular malformations airway pressure, throat tracheobronchomalacia and (or) stenosis, bronchial lung cysts, ciliary dyskinesia, mediastinal tumors.
(1) chronic irritating cough;
chronic cough, especially without a clear cause of the former do not advocate the use of antitussives and the use of these drugs with some of the morbidity and mortality, American Academy of Pediatrics Society of warning, disable codeine in the treatment of various types of cough. Promethazine (phenergan) and sedation may mislead parents, the application of the drug to reduce the noise at the expense of the child adverse drug reactions.
Infant respiratory infections and cough after infection, congenital trachea, lung abnormalities, gastroesophageal reflux, tuberculosis, and other congenital heart anomalies
allergy diagnostic methods
skin prick test
(1) chronic cough with or without sputum, cough with particularly at night or early morning or postural changes, often accompanied by nasal congestion, runny nose, throat and a foreign body sensation, repeated Qingyan, a sense of the posterior pharyngeal mucus attached to a small number of patients complained of headache, dizziness, fever, etc.;
effective anti-inflammatory (inflammation of asthma control)
upper airway cough syndrome (UACS)
antihistamines can inhibit type Ⅰ allergy skin test results, it should be discontinued 24h before the test ; astemizole due to its long-lasting effect, should be discontinued 1 week before the test; adrenergic drugs, xanthine drugs for type Ⅰ allergy skin test reactions are inhibited, but less obvious effect of antihistamines , withdrawal can be 12h; local administration generally has little effect on the skin test, stopping a few hours before the test can be; Corticosteroids speed fat skin test reaction is not inhibited, so to observe the immediate-response without stopping; but It can inhibit the late-phase reaction, so if the observation of late-phase reaction, it should be discontinued corticosteroids. 
fungal 5 (5.6) 3 2
(2) cough during the day mainly focused on something, or rest at night cough disappeared;
(1) recent clear respiratory tract infection history;
diagnostic procedures for suspected airway malformations, foreign bodies (including Health and foreign body airway, sputum) and other causes of chronic cough and the need for pollution prevention inspection viable pathogenic microorganisms bronchoscopy.
(2) Check the sinus area may have tenderness, sinus openings may have yellow-white discharge flow, pharyngeal follicular hyperplasia significantly, showing cobblestone-like, sometimes visible posterior pharyngeal mucus-like material attached;
1 is estimated in vivo may cause serious reactions in children with chronic cough should
routine chest X-ray examination, chest X-ray film according to normal or not, decide the next step of treatment or diagnosis. When the film slips suspected sinusitis or suggestions to the film bit Otorhinolaryngology further treatment. Chest CT help to identify mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes and small lesions within the lung field, high-resolution CT is helpful for atypical bronchiectasis, interstitial lung disease diagnosis.
eggs 3 (3.3) 1 2
CVA clinical features and diagnostic clues are:
respiratory tract infection and cough after infection
ACCP recommendations, children, psychogenic cough can only except tic disease, and after a behavioral intervention or therapy improved the cough can be diagnosed; cough characteristics of psychogenic cough is only suggestive, does not have a diagnostic role.
cigarette 2 (2.2) 2
cough symptoms for> 4 weeks for chronic cough.
cause of chronic cough in children and adults are different, and chronic cough in children of different ages have different reasons, so the diagnosis and treatment of cough in children can not follow the adult guidelines, but should have the characteristics of the child with chronic cough diagnosis and treatment guidelines . In this regard, the United States, Europe, Singapore, Australia and Japan, have developed a guide diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in children.
a pulmonary function, diagnostic tools
including corticosteroids, β2 agonists, M receptor blockers, leukotriene receptor antagonist, theophylline and other drugs. Mainly used for CVA, EB, allergic rhinitis and other targeted therapies. Glucocorticoid treatment for 2 to 4 weeks after the assessment again. Infection is generally self-relieve cough, severe symptoms may be considered for short-term use inhaled or oral corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists or M receptor antagonist.
(4) can lead to stagnation or delayed growth and development in children.
skeletal muscle, a variety of respiratory complications
effective in improving symptoms of cough cold
(1) paroxysmal cough, cough and sometimes drama, occurred at night;
(2) Most symptoms appear in the diet, feeding difficulties. Some children with upper abdominal or epigastric discomfort, retrosternal burning sensation, chest pain, sore throat, etc.;
vitro:
positive cases (%)
respiratory tract infection and cough after infection
published “Pediatrics” 2008; 46 (2): 104 ~ 107
(2) diagnostic treatment bronchodilators can relieve cough symptoms ;
(2) was irritating dry cough or cough with a small amount of white sticky sputum
can be divided into two categories:
(6) except for chronic cough caused by other reasons. If coughing for more than 8 weeks, other diagnoses should be considered.
GERC clinical features and diagnostic clues are:
(3) normal lung function, bronchial provocation test prompt airway hyperresponsiveness;
cough led to a variety of complications
2 . Supplementary examination:
use of leukotriene receptor antagonists to treat the CVA, infection caused by coughing and UACS children cough, and better control of airway inflammation.
cockroaches 27 (30) 1863
considered causes combined, leukotriene receptor antagonists may be a good choice.
cough is the most common respiratory diseases of children symptoms. Clinically complex causes cough, chronic cough, especially children, the diagnosis can be difficult and permanently affected the life of children with physical and mental health and learning, and to the parents and the community to bring additional economic burden.
PPD skin test, serum total IgE and specific IgE measurement and skin prick test (SPT), 24 小时 esophageal pH monitoring, esophageal intraluminal impedance detection. The exhaled nitric oxide measurement, tracheobronchial biopsy, cough receptor sensitivity detection of the diagnostic value of chronic cough in children is uncertain.
early childhood preschool with the cause, bronchiectasis, etc. In addition there
(1) more common in older children;
[treatment]
Second, the diagnostic procedures
peanuts 5 (5.6) 2 2 1
EB expectorant drugs in clinical characteristics and diagnostic clues are:
(3) chest x-ray examination was normal;
etiology of cough
chronic cough congenital respiratory diseases:
household dust mites in 70 (77.8) 5 17 426
shrimp 13 (14.4) 8 4 1
allergic rhinitis < br /> 2 a wide range of skin lesions, skin test
not suitable for children with chronic cough treatment principle is clear cause for the cause of treatment [E / A]. If the cause is unknown, symptomatic treatment can be empirical in order to achieve effective control; if the treatment does not relieve cough, should be re-evaluated. Antitussives should not be used in infants. ACCP recommends non-specific chronic cough in children treatment process, the expectations of parents of children should be given attention and emphasis [E / B], follow-up after treatment and re-emphasize the importance of evaluation, namely: observe (watch), wait (wait ) and follow-up (review).
early childhood respiratory infections and infection cough, upper airway cough syndrome, cough variant asthma, airway foreign body, gastroesophageal reflux, tuberculosis
UACS the clinical features and diagnostic clues are:
gastroesophageal reflux cough

21 Lohmannr Matthes ML, Steinmller C, Franker Ullmann G. Pulmonary macrophages. Eur Respir J, 1994,7:16781689.
17 Paterson DJ, Jefferies WA, Broanson M, et al. Antigens of activated Rat T Lymphocytes including a molecule of 50,000 Mr, detected only on CD4 positive T blasts. Mol Immunol, 1987,24:12811290.
2011 年 04 月 26 日
neutrophils (PMN) derived from bone marrow, as the final differentiation of cells, distributed in peripheral tissue and circulating pool, its life expectancy is shorter, but infection and immune response in the micro-environment can significantly extend their life. As PMN and EOS play in acute asthma when they are activated switch, it can increase the EOS in the characteristic changes in asthma [26], research has shown that asthma and asthma exacerbated by the continuing state of PMN in BALF and sputum or increase in the number is close related. ENFUMOSA (Mechanisms of Severe Asthma European Network) study, PMN not only can lead to acute deterioration of asthma, there is also a large number of patients in chronic severe asthma, airway, the number of nocturnal asthma attack and the PMN. In a number of sudden deaths due to asthma autopsy found that his sputum dominate the PMN, rather than the EOS [27]. This shows that the PMN airway inflammation in asthma, played an important role. In recent years, domestic scholars have found that in sudden fatal asthma, status asthmaticus, and glucocorticoid therapy in asthma, PMN-induced airway inflammation plays a decisive role [28]. Zhu et al [29] have confirmed that IL8 is a strong activation of PMN cytokine, which by increasing cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in a temporary increase to the activation of PMN. Also found that in addition to activation of IL8 PMN, but also to promote PMN upward flow within the respiratory tract. Activated PMN release of enzymes, chemotactic agents, antispasmodic agents cause a variety of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including MPO, NE, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), IL1α, IL8, TNFα, free radicals, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factors, NO, etc. [30], specifically, PMN may be involved in the mechanism of asthma in the following aspects: (1) protease tissue damage, PMN particle includes 20 kinds of enzymes, including elastase, collagenase and gelatin enzymes proteolytic enzymes are most effective when tissue damage. They can break down the immune globulin, complement proteins and other extracellular matrix, thereby undermining the organization normal structure. (2) oxygen metabolites on tissue injury, PMN exist nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and myeloperoxidase, to generate O2, H2O2, HOX (X = Cl, Br, I, SCN) causes tissue damage, particularly among the most important role of HOCl. (3) the biological effects of tissue hormones, PMN can synthesize a variety of arachidonic acid metabolites, the more important is the PG and LTB, they chemotaxis of inflammatory cells and cause vasodilation and increased permeability; In addition, PMN source living things can promote histamine release histamine and serotonin (5HT) release and can lead to bronchospasm. PMN also through the release of PAF, TNFa, IL8 and other inflammatory cells produce a wide range of other biological effects.
2 DeMonchy JG, Kauffman HF, Venge P, et al. Bronchoalveolar eosinophils during allergeninduced late asthmatic reaction.Am Rev Respir DIS, 1985,131:373.
4 Metzger WJ, Zavala D, Richerson HB. Local allergen challenge and bronchoalveolar lavage of allergic asthmatic lungs.descrioition of local airway inflammation. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1987,135:433.
body macrophages are the most important one of immune effector and phagocytic cells, specially phagocytic destruction of invading pathogens, foreign bodies, apoptotic cells and metabolites, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and induction of immune responses in the boot process plays a key role in linking [20]. Alveolar macrophages (AMS) is normal and airway inflammation in patients with lower respiratory tract is one of the main cell, there are studies that AMs are an important regulator of airway inflammation cells, through private placement and activation of inflammatory cells to produce inflammatory mediators , synthesis and release control and regulation of airway inflammation cytokines involved in airway inflammatory process. Airway inflammation in AMs of two sources, in addition to alveolar and distal bronchial inherent, there is also in part by migration from peripheral blood monocytes / macrophages.
peripheral blood basophils accounted for a small part, because the cytoplasm contains basophilic granules named, since these cells and mast cells are similar, so often that basophils may be immature, uncalled for, cycle of mast cells. It comes from the umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood and bone marrow CD34 precursor cells, in particular that from the CD34 / IL3R2 / IL5 eosinophils / basophils evolved precursor cells, and mast cells, basophils neutrophil cell surface with specific antigen, in certain conditions, can release a large number of regulatory factors, some of these regulatory factors in mast cells and basophils in common, we all know, in basophils in allergic plays the role of primary effector cells, which is activated after the release of histamine and cytokines and other inflammatory mediators involved in the occurrence and development of allergy [23]. It can store and release large amounts of histamine, causing bronchoconstriction, bronchial blood flow, increased vascular permeability, and promote mucus secretion, but also as an eosinophil chemotactic agent. Recent studies have found that the surface of basophils along with the CD40 ligand, CCR3 and CD63 expression [24], cells release large amounts of cytokines IL3, IL4, IL5, these cytokines can up-regulate adhesion molecules and release of inflammatory mediators . Traditional knowledge, dependent on allergen-mediated cross-linking FcεRI and, basophils in IgE-mediated allergy in the work. And after IgE receptor crosslinking, basophils regulator is more complex interconnected network of second messengers triggered release. Research has shown that: trypsin, anti-IgE antibody, CI, FM LP, C5a and substance P can induce significant basophils to release histamine, heparin can increase substance P and C5a-induced basophil histamine release with zoom neutrophil activation signals [25]. Is clear is that basophils by secreting inflammatory mediators and increased inflammation in the delayed phase of allergic play an important role in the release of inflammatory mediators and their receptor binding of IgE level and not necessarily linked, but it is by an endogenous biochemical mechanisms of control, this mechanism has been some genetic factors may be regulated, in short, so far, the activation of basophils in the pathogenesis of asthma is the specific mechanism of action also further study.
9 Metcalfe DD, Baram D, Mekori YA. Mast cell. Physiol Rev, 1997,77:10331079.
24 Sanz ML, Gamboa PM, Antepara I, et al. Flow cytometric basophil activation test by detection of CD63 expression in patients with immediatetype reactions to betalactam antibiotics.Clin Exp Allergy, 2002,32:277286.
13 Kummer F. Immunopathology and immunotherapy. New York: Springverla Wien, 1993.26.
T lymphocytes is body of important immune cells, which secrete cytokines and chemokines involved in the start of airway inflammation and enlarged it in asthma play a key regulatory role, T-cell activation by allergen release IL5, IL3 and granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, these cytokines and chemokines can regulate airway inflammation and development, specifically the recruitment and activation of EOS caused by the release of inflammatory mediators of airway injury mucosa, causing smooth muscle spasm, induced airway remodeling. In recent years, found that T cells, especially Th-cell dysfunction in asthma plays an important role [12,13]. Cytokine production by T helper lymphocytes from the different functions will be divided into two subsets Th1 and Th2 [14], the former mainly produce IL2, IFNγ; which mainly produce IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, both under normal circumstances reaches a certain balance, once the imbalance will lead to certain diseases. Foreign scholars have found the experiment after injection of OVA, mice can produce typical Th2 cell immune response [15]. Reported in the literature, inhibition of Th2 cell responses in experimental asthma in mice reduces airway inflammation. Th2 cells secrete IL4, IL5 can promote asthma and other airway EOS infiltration in mice and prolong their survival time, thereby increasing the area of ??inflammatory injury, and the application of Th1-type cytokines, such as (IFNγ), when the inflammatory response of asthma have more good control effect. Some scholars have confirmed the existence of T cell activation in patients with asthma, especially CD4 Th2 activation and abnormal secretion of inflammatory cytokines involved in the formation of asthma [16]. IL2R surface of T cell activation is one of the signs, mainly expressed in CD4 T cells [17], sustained activation of its abnormal secretion of inflammatory cytokines and thus an essential component. Costimulatory role of lymphocyte activation has a crucial importance. T cell activation requires two different types of signals. The first signal from the T-cell receptor and antigen-presenting cells (APC), surface type major histocompatibility complex molecules on antigen complex interaction exists; second signal for T cell surface molecules CD28 and APC surface interaction of B7 molecules to T cells after passing the so-called co-stimulatory signals. CD40 / CD 40L is a pair of second outside than B7/CD28 costimulatory pathway in the sensitization and airway inflammation plays an important role in all stages of effects, its presence can increase the expression of B7/CD28 in [18, 19 ]. These show that asthma may be an increased activity of the Th2 type of immune response cell disease, since the immune response, there must be CD40 / CD 40L participation of costimulatory molecules, activation of cells, which will eventually lead to Th2 type cells produce a series of cytokines, promote the production of IgE, chronic airway inflammation.
allergic bronchial asthma as an inflammatory disease, the process involved in the pathogenesis of acute hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity to, in their different reaction phase, a variety of effector cells involved. These effector cells with inflammatory cells and cells of complex signal transduction system to transmit information, the formation of asthmatic patients in vivo by the cytokines, adhesion molecules, inflammatory mediators and other components of the complex network, which through the release of cytokines, inflammatory mediators the start of the inflammation, development and regulation play an important role.
6 Matsumoto K, Saito H. The role of eosinophils in asthma; Sarastro or the Queen of Night? Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2001,125:240246.
3 lymphocytes
18 Crewal IS , Flavell RA. A central role of CD40 ligand in the regulation of CD 4 Tcell responses. Immunol Today, 1996,17:410414.
8 Xie, HE Shao-heng, specific inhibitor of tryptase double Benzamidine the role of mast cells in vitro. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2003,1:100102.
allergy plays as the primary effector cells of the mast cells from CD34 bone marrow progenitor cells, mainly mediated by type Ⅰ hypersensitivity, which are widely distributed in the body, more allergens into the body at the entrance area, He et al [7,8] found that protease activated receptor-2 in mast cell activation, and its secretion by activated tryptase By re-activating its protease on the cell membrane PAR2 form of self-amplification mechanism of cell activation. Mast cells are activated after the release of histamine and cytokines, proteases that proteoglycans and other allergic inflammatory mediators involved in the occurrence and development. It is usually located in the lung bronchial and alveolar walls of the epidermis, or separated from the bronchial lumen, so in these parts, the inhalation of allergens can be easily and high-affinity IgE receptor-specific IgE on combination of a series of inflammatory mediators and induce bronchoconstriction substance release. Studies have also found their participation in many chronic inflammatory diseases, such as wound healing, fibrosis and innate immunity [9]. In the late allergic reaction can be observed in the bronchial mucosa to increase the number of mast cells [10]; In addition, in inflammation and fibrosis of repair and reconstruction phase can be detected mast cell hyperplasia [11]. Mast cell-associated proteases including the stomach and promote trypsin and tryptase are able to degrade a variety of extracellular peptides and proteins, including vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide bronchiectasis. In addition, tryptase to inactivate procoagulant protein, inhibition of fibrin deposition, activation of urokinase, which can promote the dissolution of fibrin. In this way, tryptase can promote white blood cells into inflamed tissue. Tryptase via activation of matrix metalloproteinases and stimulate fibroblasts and airway smooth muscle cell growth, in the process of airway remodeling in asthma caused to the key role. Thus we can conclude that mast cell-related protease is induced by the process of airway remodeling in asthma an important medium.
26 Hoshino M, Takahashi M, Aoike N. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and angiogenin immunoreactivity in asthmatic airways and its relationship to angiogenesis. Allergy Clin Immunol, 2001,107:295301.
3 Durham SR, Kay AB. Eosinophils, bronchial hyperreactivity and late asthmatic reaction. Clin Allergy, 1985,15:411.
15 Hsieh CS, Macatonia SE, OGarra A, et al. T cell genetic background determines default helper phenotype development in vitro.J Exp Med, 1995, 181:713721.
16 Willian WB, Robert LC, Coffman EW. Mechanisms of persistent airway inflammati on in asthma: A role for T cells and T cell products. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1995, 152:388393.
【Keywords】 asthma; effector cells
22 Zetterberg G, Elmberger G, Johansson A, et al. Ratalveolar and interstitial macrophages in the fibrosing stage following quartz exposure. Hum ExpToxicol, 2000,19:402411.
11 Piliponsky AM, LevrSchaffer F. Regulation of apoptosis in mast cells. Apoptosis, 2000,5:435441.
allergic asthma, the main effect of airway cells were eosinophils (EOS), which can produce a variety of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, causing an amicable Road lesions hyperresponsiveness, the release of oxidation products can damage lung tissue surrounding the integrity. EOS by releasing a series of important inflammatory neurotransmitters, promoting monocytes, lymphocytes and EOS itself raised. EOS is an increase in atopic diseases (atopicdisease) a common feature, marked by the generation of EOS in the bone marrow selectively increase the number of peripheral blood EOS and EOS in the effects of elevated parts of the aggregation. EOS in the bone marrow produce, are granulocyte cell lines, the EOS in the bone marrow progenitor cells in IL3, IL5, GMCSF differentiate into mature under the influence of the EOS, migrate through the blood circulation to the airway. EOS raised in the lungs and the release of inflammatory mediators, airway inflammation is one of the key, asthma, peripheral blood, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and airway biopsies were significantly increased the number of EOS. EOS activation by the cellular signal transduction mechanisms of control, main ways: RASRAFMAPK signal transduction pathways, SAKSTAT way to the PI3K pathway and the NFκB pathway [1]. Endothelial activation is captured by the EOS, raised around the airway inflammation, the occurrence of functional and phenotypic changes, resulting in local tissue release of inflammatory mediators, can produce IL3, IL5, IL6, TGFα, TGFβ, TNFΑ other cells factor, in order to maintain their way of development of inflammation. More and more experimental evidence, EOS as effector cells in bronchial asthma, especially in late-phase asthmatic reactions play a very important role [2,3].
1 Wong C, Zhang J, Ip WK, et al.Intracellular signal transduction in eosinophils and its clinical significance.Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 2002,24:165186. Review.
EOS activation and release of granule protein Asthma is caused by pathological changes characteristic of late-phase airway hyperresponsiveness main reason for these EOS granule proteins include basic protein (MBP), EOS cationic protein (ECP), EOS peroxidase (EPO), and EOS neurotoxin (EDN). Research has shown that accumulation of EOS products, such as MBP, ECP, and EDN in allergen-induced late-phase reaction found in the BALF [4], and increased AHR and the number of their products is closely related to the EOS [5]. In these proteins MBP toxicity was particularly notable, into the MBP to lung tissue, airway hyperresponsiveness was significantly increased, induced bronchospasm; activation of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, and promote mast cell and basophil release histamine; destruction of membrane lipid bilayer, changes in tissue enzyme activity, causing cell damage, airway epithelial shedding. It is worth mentioning is the EOS granule protein and also airway remodeling of asthma relationship, Matsumoto et al [6] is confirmed by the study of airway remodeling in MBP also have an important impact, which can be a conclusion, EOS in bronchial asthma development is at the core of the effector cells, so some scholars will also be represented by asthma chronic airway inflammation (allergic airway inflammation) called EOS inflammation.
5 Lam S, LeRiche J, Phillips D, et al.Celluar and protein changes in bronchial lavage fluid after late asthmatic reaction in patients with red cedar asthma. Allergy Clin Immunol, 1987,80:40.
29 Zhu Z, Lee CG, Zheng T, et al. Airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. Lessons from interleukin 11 and interleukin 13 transgenic mice. Am Respir Crit Care Med, 2001,164:6770.
AMs with other body as part of the mononuclear cells with strong heterogeneity, this heterogeneity is likely derived from bone marrow mononuclear cells from the previous release, which originated from different precursor cells. It has been confirmed in the respiratory tract have different immune functions of alveolar macrophages from different subsets of bone marrow precursor cells. AMs in morphology, density, and phenotypic heterogeneity on the decision of its immune response in the airway inflammation of different functions. Alveolar macrophages of the two largest sub-group of the AM and IM. AM in the airways and alveoli, is non-specific respiratory response to the first line of defense that can effectively dissolve, eating poorly water-soluble organic particles, the release of inflammatory mediators, antigen presentation, expression of different membrane receptors, are important microbicidal effector cells [21]. IM in the pulmonary interstitial, in part play a role in immune defense, is an important regulator of immune cell function [22]. In general, AMs are the body vital immune cells, it is a huge amount of widely distributed, easily access antigens at the same time, AMs expressing MHC Ⅱ antigen can be processed after the delivery of foreign antigens presented to Th2 cells. AMs release of LTB4, PAF and so on eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils have a strong chemotactic effect, leading these cells to the airway raised, starting late-phase asthmatic reactions. AMs release of chemokines, inflammatory mediators can cause airway mucosal injury, microvascular leakage, mucus secretion causes airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling.
28 Lin Jian, Wu Rongxi, Li Changchong. neutrophils in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma in the role. International Journal of Pediatrics Volume, 2001,28:2224.
2 mast cell
10 Crimi E, Chiaramondia M, Milanese M, et al.Increased numbers of mast cells in bronchial mucosa after the late phase asthmatic response to allergen.Am Rev Respir Dis, 1991,144:12821286.
6 neutrophils < br /> 23 Wedemeyer J, Tsai M, Galli SJ. Roles of mast cells and basophils in innate and acquird immunity. Curr Opin Immunol, 2000,12:624631.
In summary, asthma is a multi types of effector cells involved in complex chronic airway inflammatory disease, these effector cells in the inflammatory response during cross-linking, interdependence, regulates the development of inflammation, joint decision of the airway inflammation in morphology, tissue , molecular biological characteristics. No do not doubt that, with the application of new technologies of molecular biology and molecular genetics of development, the study of bronchial asthma will be further in-depth, effects of these inflammatory cells to airway inflammation pathways and mechanisms will also be more clearly .
30 Dahlen B, Shute J, Howarth [Popular] credit card no annual fee for life can be? bank credit card is somewhat non-permissive _ News P. Immunohistochemical localization of the Matrix metalloproteinases MMP3 and MMP9 within the airways in asthma. Thorax, 1999,54:590596.
27 Sur S, Crotty TB, Kephart GM, et al. Suddenonset fatal asthma.Adistinct entity with few eosinophils and relatively more neutrophils in the airway submucosa? Am Rev Respir Dis, 1993,148: 713719.
25 Zhu Wei, HE Shao-Heng, Xia Hayashi, etc. in different human basophils under the action of stimuli ability to release histamine. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2005,21:519521.
[References]
14 Vecchiarelli A, Siracusa A, Monari C, et al. Cytokine regulation of Lowaffinity IgE receptor (CD23) on monocytes from asthmatic subjects.Clin Exp Immunol, 1994, 97:248253.
19 Nagafuchi H, Shimoyama Y, Kashiwakura J, et al. Preferential expression of B7. 2 (CD86), but not B7.1 (CD80), on B cells induced by CD40/CD40L inter action is essential for antiDNA autoantibody production in patients with system is lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2003,21:7177.
Carl Articles Articles to write on behalf of the fat Tel: 18971222098 work QQ: 27997038 E-mail: kr.27 @ qq.com
5 basophils
7 He S, Gaca MD, Walls AF, et al.A mole for tryptase in the activation of human mast cells modulation of histamine release by tryptase and inhibitors of tryptase.J Phamacol Exp Ther, 1998,286:289297.
1 eosinophils
4 alveolar macrophages
20 Lei, WANG Zheng, Hu Cheng Hong, etc. Trauma abnormal serum protein on macrophage function of the study of Chinese Critical Care Medicine, 1998,10:494496.
12 Kline JN, Hunninghake GW. Tlymphocyte dysregulation in asthma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1994, 207:243253.

Chronic urticaria is erythema, wheal, itching, recurrent urticaria more than six weeks. More complex pathogenesis of this disease are still not clear, most scholars believe that it is mainly due to autoimmune and genetic [1]. Fexofenadine is the H1-receptor antagonist, which selectively block the histamine H1 receptor, the main advantages is to addition to the parent terfenadine cardiac toxicity, and can play a variety of mechanisms through its anti-allergic effects, has a good anti-histamine effect, but no anti-5  HT, anti-cholinergic and anti-adrenergic effect, inhibition of allergic reactions fexofenadine, vasoactive peptides, such as substance P, neuropeptide and so on. These substances in the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria play an important role in the world is widely recognized that with fexofenadine treatment of chronic urticaria is safe and effective [2,3].
1 Materials and Methods
Looking at the results from this clinical observation, BCG-PSN on the treatment of chronic urticaria have a good effect, mainly in the rash and the symptoms subsided mitigation, short-term effect, reliable, and long-term positive effect, the continuing role of apparent relapse rate was significantly lower than the control group (P <0.05), and prolonged treatment with the more obvious effects, no significant adverse reactions, to reduce adverse reactions in patients with long-term medication and repeated episodes of withdrawal bring physical and mental pain, thereby improving the quality of life. In short, the clinical efficacy of the treatment group was better than the control group and the recurrence rate may be related to the above mechanism, but also to the group of BCG-DNA nucleic acid combined fexofenadine treatment of chronic urticaria and achieved satisfactory short-term and long-term efficacy, with reported values ??[5]. Two drugs in the treatment process is a synergistic effect deserves further study.
selected 85 patients with chronic urticaria, were outpatients, including 38 male and female 47 cases; aged 18 to 68 years, mean age 41 years; duration of 42 d ~ 13 years, have used different types of past antihistamines, treatment is not ideal. 85 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, combination therapy group (treatment group) 46 patients, 18 males and 26 females; aged 19 to 68 years, mean age 42 years; fexofenadine group (control group) 39 cases , 20 males and 21 females; aged 18 to 66 years, mean age 39 years. 2 group sex ratio, age, duration and severity of disease was no significant difference (P> 0.05). References
2 results
2010 年 08 月 05 日
5 Jian Cheng. fexofenadine hydrochloride combined BCG nucleic acid nucleic acid treatment of chronic urticaria observation of Chinese leprosy skin magazines, 2009,25:667  669.
3 discussions
1 TAN Zhi-Jian. pathogenesis of chronic urticaria progress Chinese leprosy skin magazine, 2006,22:221  223.
4 Wang Song. BCG nucleic acid nucleic acid combined left cetirizine treatment of chronic urticaria of 110 cases. modern medicine and health, 2007,23:1325  1326.
chronic urticaria is a types of common skin diseases, due to the disease etiology and pathogenesis is not clear, treatment is relatively difficult, seriously affecting the patient quality of life. So far still no recognized drug treatment guidelines. We found in the clinical treatment of immune modulators is better co-H1-receptor blockers, these treatment methods to explore the precise clinical effect, especially for this clinical study.
1.1 General Information
2 Comparison of clinical efficacy in patients treated group than the control group (P <0.01), 2 group differences in relapse rate is also statistically significant (P <0.05). In Table 1. Table 1 Comparison of clinical efficacy Group 2 patients (slightly) Table 22 serum IgE levels before and after treatment changes (slightly)
2 Gelfand EW, Appajosyula S, Meeves S.Anti-inflammatory activiy of H1-R receptor antagonists: review of recent experimental research.Curr Med Res Opin, 2004,20:73  81.
Abstract] Objective To observe the BCG-PSN injection combined fexofenadine treatment of chronic urticaria and its effect on blood IgE the impact of changes. Methods 85 cases of chronic urticaria patients were randomly divided into treatment and control groups, 2 groups were given non-Sophia [Recommended] off the credit card we charge an annual fee you know? That given orally, treatment group with BCG PSN injection intramuscular injection. Observed before and after treatment of clinical efficacy and change in blood IgE. Results The treatment group, the cure rate was significantly higher (P <0.05), while combination therapy to restore normal blood levels of IgE faster (P <0.05). Conclusion BCG nucleic acid nucleic acid combined fexofenadine treatment of chronic urticaria significant.
2 groups before treatment, no significant difference in serum IgE (P> 0.05), after stopping the treatment group 2 blood IgE levels were significantly lower than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). In Table 2.
1.5 Statistical analysis
1.4 Evaluation and observation of indicators
(1) short-term effect: wind group of patients, erythema, itching and skin disorders such scratches comprehensive clinical assessment. By no = 0, mild = 1, weight = 2 score, before and after each treatment for a time, so calculate the effective index. The clinical symptoms and signs decreased index (%)=( total score before treatment – total score after treatment) / total score before treatment × 100%. To decrease the signs and symptoms index for the assessment basis. According to recover, effective, better and invalid four criteria to evaluate efficacy. Cure: the symptoms and signs completely disappeared; effective: symptoms and signs decreased index ≧ 70%; improved: symptoms and signs decreased index greater than 40% but ≦ 70%; invalid: symptoms and signs decreased index ≦ 40%. Combined with efficient recovery rate for the total efficiency. (2) long-term effect: observation of patients after treatment 1 to 2 months, two groups were compared recurrence. Before treatment and after treatment of serum IgE levels (Germany MEDIWISS allergen produced AllergyScreen quantitative detection system, using enzyme-linked Western blot) to compare the changes.

2.2 2 before and after treatment serum IgE levels in more
Keywords BCG nucleic acid injection; fexofenadine; chronic urticaria; IgE
3 Li to. fexofenadine short-term treatment of chronic urticaria clinical medicine practice, 2009,18:67  68.
(1) body skin with bacterial or fungal infection; (2) with severe liver; kidney disease or other diseases; (3) pregnant breast-feeding women; (4) are receiving macrolide antibiotics, imidazole antifungal treatment; (5) has been applied immunosuppressive agents; (6) associated with chest tightness, breathing difficulties, abdominal pain and other symptoms; (7) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis allergy; (8) can not be completed by course of treatment.
2 groups were given oral administration of fexofenadine, each 60 mg, twice daily; treatment group with BCG nucleic acid injection (Goods Mingsiqikang Hunan Jiuzhitang pharmaceutical production) 1 ml, intramuscular injection, every other day for 18 consecutive times for a course; weekly out-patient referral. During treatment without any other antihistamines and topical drugs. Each referral for efficacy evaluation. After treatment symptoms of physical disease disappeared, repeated automatic withdrawal one week without stopping. After the end of treatment were followed up for 1 month.
1.3 treatment
Author: Liu Yang Liu Xin Yang Lin Liu Chen Author: 063000 Tangshan City, Hebei Province, North China Coal Medical College Hospital; China Institute of Metrology
2.1 Clinical efficacy and relapse rate
application SPSS 13.0 statistical software, measurement data to ± s, using t test, count data using χ2 test, P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
1.2 Exclusion criteria
China since the 1970s on the BCG-immune activity began to study nucleic acid and found that BCG-polysaccharide nucleic acid can regulate body cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity, stimulate the reticuloendothelial system, activated monocytes – macrophage function, and enhance natural killer cell function to enhance the body resistance to disease. BCG is the BCG nucleic acid by hot phenol method to remove bacterial proteins, and then extracted by ethanol precipitation and other methods such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and effective active ingredients and made of injection, indicating that in vitro induction of mouse spleen lymphocytes in the role of interferon  γ [4]. Therefore, BCG is an immune regulatory role of the material, can regulate cellular immunity, humoral immunity, stimulate the reticuloendothelial system, activation of monocytes, thus enhancing the body resistance to disease; its stable mast cell membrane , inhibition of mast cell degranulation directly with IgE antibodies on mast cell membrane antigen competition, antibodies “closed” effect, which play the role of anti-allergic, to the prevention and treatment of disease.

. Observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the total number of cells and the percentage of eosinophils; HE staining Humulus pollen crude extract to stimulate allergic lung inflammation in mice; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay BALF, spleen uniform cytokines in plasma and serum total IgE antibodies. The results with the normal control group, model group can induce allergic lung inflammation apparent, and the pathological inflammation score were significantly different (P <0.01); BALF cells in the total number of eosinophils (EOS) count, IL4, spleen weight, spleen tissue IL4 and total serum IgE antibodies were significantly higher than the control group (P <0.01). Conclusion Humulus pollen crude extract to successfully establish a mouse model of lung allergic inflammation.
1.1 Animals and reagents SPF grade BALB / c mice 24, female, 7 weeks of age, body weight (18 ± 2) g, were purchased from Xi n Jiaotong University School of Medicine Laboratory Animal Center. Aluminum hydroxide gel made by the laboratory, RIPA lysis buffer were purchased in 西安沃尔森 Bio Co., Ltd., of mouse interleukin (IL4), γ interferon (IFNγ) and IgE response to detection of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit kit purchased from U.S. RD company.
[13] LIU XJ, LI MC, WU Y, et al. AntiIL33 antibody treatment inhibits airway inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma [J]. Biochem Bioph Res Co, 2009, 386 (1): 181185.
experimental data with the mean ± standard deviation (± s) that the software application SPSS15.0 between each group mean for two independent samples t-test. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Keywords Humulus pollen crude extract; asthma; animal models
Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710004, China)
1.10 Determination of serum total IgE small mouse serum samples diluted for use 1:20 dilution, followed by ELISA kit according to the instructions step by step, total serum IgE levels.
[7] Haomin Qi, Xu Jun, Zhong Nanshan. dust mite allergic lung inflammation in sensitized mice model [J]. Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology, 2003, 19 (1): 139141.
Humulus pollen are our most important one inhaled allergen [23], and patients increased year by year. Currently, the literature on mice sensitized and-challenged the way there are many reports. For example, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal instillation of allergens and other methods; and inspire the way they focused on two kinds of nasal instillation and inhalation inspired way. In this study, we injected intraperitoneally on day 0, 7 and 14 days to enhance sensitization, followed by nasal continuous 5d excitation, and found that crude extract Humulus pollen allergen induced lung allergic successfully inflammation, manifested as small airways and blood vessels around a large number of inflammatory cells, and shows that many eosinophils infiltration; and control mice did not airway inflammatory cells and perivascular exudate. There is also the BALF inflammatory cells, also mainly eosinophils. The results confirm our successful construction Humulus pollen allergic lung inflammation in sensitized mice model, the pathological changes and pathological features of human allergic asthma are similar.
[10] KURUCZ I, SZELENYI I. Current animal models of bronchial asthma [J]. Curr Pharm Design, 2006, 12:31753194.
bronchial asthma is a combination of cells (such as eosinophils , mast cells, T cells, neutrophils, airway epithelial cells) and cellular components involved in chronic inflammatory airway disease, accompanied by airway hyperresponsiveness, reversible airflow limitation, mucus hypersecretion and elevated serum IgE, airway remodeling can occur late [5]. In view of the safety of human studies, animal models of human asthma is one of the means indispensable. At present, has successfully built a wide range of allergens in animal models of inflammation, such as egg protein [6], dust mites [7], cockroaches [8], ragweed pollen [9], but not an animal model can fully simulate the onset of human bronchial asthma [10]. Use of these existing animal model of asthma, not only a good study of the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, but also for the conduct of allergen study provides an important tool. However, there has not been Humulus pollen allergen-sensitized animal models of asthma reported.
1.3 Animal grouping 24 BALB / c mice were randomly divided into normal control group and model group, n = 12; housed in Xi n Jiaotong University School of Medicine SPF grade animal room.
[2] YIN J, YE ST, GU RJ, et al. An important allergenic pollen in chinahumulus [J]. J Allergy Clin Immun, 1995, 95:164.
ABSTRACT: Objective To develop a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation by using crude Humulus pollen extract.Methods A total of 24 Balb / c mice were divided randomly into two groups: control group and asthma model group with 12 in each. After sensitization by intraperitoneal injection, the mice were challenged by intranasal instillation of crude Humulus pollen extract. The total cell number and eosinophile percentage of bron CITIC Bank that pits father, buried by an annual fee to upgrade CITIC credit card trap choalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were determined. The lungs of mice were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate the degree of allergic inflammation. The cytokines in BALF and spleen homogenate were assayed by enzymelinked immunoassay (ELISA). The total IgE in the serum was also measured by ELISA. Results Compared with the mice in normal control group, those in asthma group developed obvious allergic inflammation in the airways. Histological scoring for pulmonary inflammation significantly differed between normal group and asthma group (P <0.01). The total cell number, eosinophile percentage and IL4 in BALF, spleen weight, IL4 in spleen homogenate, and IgE antibody in serum were all significantly increased in asthma group compared with those in normal group (P <0.01). Conclusion Crude Humulus pollen extract can successfully induce a mouse model of allergic pulmonary inflammation.
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KEY WORDS: crude Humulus pollen extract; asthma; animal model
[4] MYOU S, LEFF AR, MYO S, et al. Blockade of inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in immunesensitized mice by dominantnegative phosphoinositide 3kinaseTAT [J ]. J Exp Med, 2003, 198 (10): 15731582.
[9] FAN M, MUSTAFA SJ. Role of adenosine in airway inflammation in an allergic mouse model of asthma [J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2006, 6 (1): 3645.
1.9 BALF and spleen homogenates of IFNγ and IL4 in the determination of IL4 and IFNγ measured by ELISA kit instructions. That each hole by adding the sample solution or standard dilution 100μL, incubated at room temperature 2h, washer five times with the washing liquid; adding HRP working solution 100μL, incubated at room temperature for 2h, washed five times washer fluid; adding the substrate working solution 100μL, set at room temperature in the dark reaction 30min; adding 100μL of Stop Solution to terminate the reaction. Read absorbance at 450nm (A) value, and then draw A450nm on cytokine concentration standard curve, according to the sample A450nm value, calculated samples IL4 and IFNγ levels.
2mg sensitized control group instead of an equal volume of sterile PBS allergen experiment. 7 and 14 days after sensitization enhanced, methods, and dose as above. Day 24 all mice were given the model group 30μL (10mg/mL) Humulus pollen crude extract stimulated intranasally once daily for 5 times; the control group with sterile PBS instead of equivalent to intranasal allergen, day 1, continuous 5d. Finally, after 1 intranasal 24h, the following checks.
LI Yali1, ZHANG Ming2, LU Jiamei1, LIU Yun1, YANG Xia1, SUN Xiuzhen1
Bronchial asthma is a public health problem of global concern, but also children and adults of common disease, its essence is the gas Road allergic inflammation. In recent years, the rising incidence and mortality [1], not only a serious threat to human health, and returned to the family and significant economic burden for society. Cause of human bronchial asthma are many types of allergens in different countries, regions and seasons of the major allergens are quite different. Domestic scholars through a large number of clinical research shows that Humulus pollen is our summer and autumn one of the major pollen allergens [23], often cause acute asthma attacks, need to be given anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic therapy. However, only Humulus pollen allergen vaccine immunotherapy is the only treatment for the cause. Given the limitations of human trials and safety, to be carried out Humulus pollen allergen studies, it is prepared Humulus pollen allergy mouse model of asthma is particularly important. In this study, we used Humulus pollen crude extract sensitized and-challenged BALB / c mice, which successfully prepared Humulus pollen allergy allergic lung inflammation model in mice, to clarify Humulus pollen-induced lung allergic inflammation of the Department of Pathology and pathophysiology of the characteristics for the study of the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and provide new means of treatment.
[3] PARK JW, KO SH, KIM CW, et al. Identification and characterization of the major allergen of the Humulus japonicus pollen [J]. Clin Exp Allergy, 1999, 29 (8): 1080.
2.1 the symptoms of animal models in mice generally began to appear in the first 3min after excitation, nose, face and torso itching, and have varying degrees of restlessness or quiet little move, breath and deepened, nodding breath, arched back upright, forelimb reduce lift, stool incontinence and other immediate-phase reaction of asthma performance; and normal control mice so easily, without the performance.
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3 discussions
(1. Department of Respiratory Medicine; 2. Department of Cardiology, the Second
1.6 Preparation of splenic tissue in mice were sacrificed under sterile conditions, separation of spleen, spleen after weighing chopped by hand into the tissue homogenizer for grinding, then the ratio of 1:5 after adding RIPA lysis buffer at 4 ℃ under the conditions of pyrolysis for 1h, centrifuged and the supernatant at -70 ℃ The low temperature refrigerator, for the determination of cytokines IL4 and IFNγ.
2.5 mice, spleen weight and spleen homogenates of cytokines compared
[12] SHAHID SK, KHARITONOV SA, WILSON NM, et al. Increased interleukin4 and decreased interferongamma in exhaled breath condensate of children with asthma [J]. Am J Resp Crit Care Med, 2002, 165 (9): 12901293.
[11] MEILER F, ZIMMERMANN M, BLASER K , et al. Tcell subsets in the pathogenesis of human asthma [J]. Curr Allergy Asthma R, 2006, 6:9196.
2010 年 12 月 02 日
[Abstract] Objective To establish Humulus pollen crude extract in mice sensitized to stimulate allergic lung inflammation model. Methods 24 BALB / c mice were randomly divided into normal control group and the asthma model group
1.4 Humulus pollen crude extract induced bronchial asthma model model group by intraperitoneal injection of 300μg syringe with 1mL Humulus pollen crude extract hydrogen alumina gel
[6] YUK JE, WOO JS, YUN CY, et al. Effects of lactosebetasitosterol and betasitosterol on ovalbumininduced lung inflammation in actively sensitized mice [J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2007, 7 (12): 15171527.
1.8 Pathological examination of lung tissue of each group without the bronchoalveolar lavage of the left lung tissue of four mice , both with 100mL / L formaldehyde solution, fixed overnight. conventional HE staining drawn after the preparation, light microscopy of lung tissue eosinophil infiltration, edema, and airway epithelial damage, according to Underwood criteria [4] pathological score < br /> 9 9 9 papers network w ww. 99 9 y xw. cn Tel: 1 3 1 2 51 5 1 1 9 1
allergic asthma is a major immunological changes and the Th1/Th2 cell ratio function imbalance [11], the secretion of cytokines in asthma plays an important role. Th2 cytokine secretion characteristic IL4, stimulate activated B cells and T cells, CD4 T cells to differentiate into Th2 cells, the IgE and increased synthesis of IgG1, raised eosinophil infiltration to the airways, which in the onset and progression of bronchial asthma plays an important role; and IFNγ as a Th1-type cytokines, Th2-type cytokines can inhibit the effect on bronchial the protective effect of asthma [12] In this experiment, we found that the model mice spleen weight was significantly higher than the control group, model group indirectly shows the peripheral immune organs of mice had a strong immune response; and model mice BALF and spleen tissue in IL4 significantly increased serum IgE increase, IFNγ reduced, indicating that the crude extract Humulus pollen allergens stimulate the induction of Th2-type immune response in mice.
Cocas liquid 100mL, sonication at 4 ℃ under stirring extraction 72h, 4 ℃ under 2800r/min centrifuge 15min, the supernatant. supernatant to Cocas dialysis 24h, natural evaporation, followed by filtration and sterilization by Coomassie brilliant blue binding method for the determination of protein content. to cattle serum albumin standard curve, taking the absorbance value at 595nm vertical axis, the protein content of the abscissa, to get the standard curve equation was Y = 0.003 0.004 X, calculated according to the standard curve Humulus pollen extract protein concentration of 0.95mg / mL, the final adjustment of Humulus pollen extract protein concentration of 1mg/mL and 10mg/mL, respectively, for mice by intraperitoneal injection to stimulate sensitized and intranasally.
References
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Many scholars [13] sensitized by intraperitoneal injection and aerosol inhalation challenge method successfully established animal models of asthma, more realistic simulation of the human pathogenesis of asthma, but, as Humulus pollen crude extract preparation is more complicated, the methods used intranasally to stimulate not only the successful preparation of Humulus pollen sensitized mouse asthma model, but also reduce the amount of Humulus pollen crude extract addition, due to the limitations of laboratory conditions, this study only observed the airway and lung inflammation and pathological changes associated with bronchial asthma changes in specific cytokines, This model has not been observed in airway reactivity changes, follow-up experiments to be further improved to further improve this model will also carry out Humulus pollen allergen DNA vaccines, recombinant Humulus pollen allergens and allergic asthma research laid the a solid foundation.
Humulus natural shedding pollen were collected, sieved 9 Test Sieves, skim ether at room temperature. Pollen taken 5g fat plus
[5] Zhong Nanshan. bronchial asthma: basic and clinical [M]. Beijing: People Health Press, 2006:438443.
2.3 pathological changes of lung tissue in mice model of mice small bronchi, submucosal blood vessels and surrounding lung tissue inflammatory cells were significantly ( eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages) infiltration of inflammatory cells migrate to the small bronchi and blood vessels, blood vessel wall edema, epithelial cells also shows some slices off or thrombus within the lumen mucus while no significant change in the control group, mice, bronchial mucosa, muscularis mucosa are intact, the rules of bronchial lumen, surrounded by non-inflammatory cell infiltration (Figure 1) using the standard Underwood pathological inflammation score, find the model mice inflammatory infiltration of the lungs was more serious than the normal control group (P <0.001).
2.6 serum total IgE were measured by ELISA determination of Humulus pollen sensitized mice serum total IgE content ( 3.15 ± 0.99) μg / mL, while the control group, serum total IgE content (0.42 ± 0.07) μg / mL, between the two groups was statistically significant difference (P <0.01).
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1.2 Humulus pollen crude extract preparation and concentration determination
1.11 Statistical analysis
Establishment of a mouse model of Humulus pollenallergeninduced allergic asthma
2.4 mice in BALF IL4 and IFNγ
1.5 Determination of blood collection, blood from each mouse eye socket about 0.8mL, at room temperature for 2h, centrifugal 3000r/min 6min, clean and serum to another Eppendorf tube, -20 ℃ to save.
2.2 BALF total cell count and we BALF cell count on, results show that the model mice in BALF The total number of white blood cells (44.91 ± 2.03) × 104/mL, was significantly higher than the total number of leukocytes in BALF (17.19 ± 0.5) × 104/mL; and model group in BALF eosinophil count (24 ± 6.2 ) than the control group (0.53 ± 0.26) were also significantly higher (P <0.01).
mice Humulus pollen crude extract sensitized excitation, and the normal control group, model group, lavage fluid IL4 was significantly increased, while IFNγ was significantly decreased (P <0.01, Table 1) Table 1 Humulus pollen-sensitized mice in BALF IL4 and IFNγ content changes
1 Materials and methods
out spleen, the uniform weight, the weight of the spleen found in the model group was significantly higher than the control group (P <0.01). by ELISA in peripheral immune organs, spleen homogenate of IL4 and IFNγ levels with the normal control group in model mice spleen IL4 levels were significantly higher, IFNγ levels significantly lower (P <0.01, Table 2) Table 2 Humulus pollen sensitized mice spleen weight and homogenized in IL4 and IFNγ content comparison
[1] YEATTS K, SLY P, SHORE S, et al. A brief targeted review of susceptibility factors, environmental exposures, asthma incidence, and recommendations for future asthma incidence [J]. Environ Health Persp, 2006 , 114:634640.
[8] Xuzhuo Qian, Liu Zhigang, in Kun Ying, etc. cockroach allergen-induced allergic lung inflammation in mice, an animal model study [J]. Journal of Immunology, 2006, 22 (5): 491495.
1.7 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) collection and eosinophil count of 8 mice each group were endotracheal intubation through the line of bronchoalveolar lavage, 2 times slowly into the 4 ℃ cold PBS solution, each 0.5mL, slow collection, recycling 80% of the liquid. BALF centrifuged (1500r/min) 6min, supernatants were collected stored at -20 ℃ for determination of cytokines. cell pellet resuspended with 0.5mL saline, and cell count with CBC board, calculate the number of cells per ml. take a little re-suspended liquid smear, Wright stain after drying at room temperature, optical microscope for cell classification, the number of 200 cells, seeking the percentage of eosinophils.
2 results

Since mast cells and basophils are the main source of histamine storage type, then, in these cells in the regulation of histamine synthesis of immune regulatory role of histamine is essential. Recent research topics in the field is in cultured rat mast cells using IgE-induced histamine synthesis of monomer. The study found that in the case of non-specific antigen stimulation, interleukin -3 (IL-3)-dependent bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) can be activated by certain IgE clones, resulting in the survival of these cells, cytokine secretion, histamine synthesis, adhesion and migration (Review in reference 12). After stimulation with IgE in a separate, BMMCs also has a significant and transient induction of synthesis of HDC (about 200-fold activation) than the high antigen stimulation, the induction of histamine synthesis will result in an increase in storage type (13). A recent study found that single IgE anti-apoptotic effect of MMCs largely through the secretion of IL-3 in the form of self-mediated (14). Although IL-3 found in bone marrow cells can induce HDC (15), but the single IgE-induced histamine synthesis may not be mediated by IL-3 (14). Although IgE-mediated antigen stimulation can also induce the synthesis of histamine, but the two share an FcεRI signaling whether the model is still controversial. However, commercial banks compete for nearly unlimited credit card charges can not waiver on the cake of years to some of the studies have revealed qualitative differences between them: 1) single IgE-mediated Ca2 influx is stimulated through a different antigen the channel (16); 2) mast cells, PKCβII in the monomer synthesis of IgE-mediated histamine plays a crucial role in antigen stimulation is not the case (17). Because purified rat peritoneal mast cells and in vitro maturation of BMMCs, single IgE-mediated histamine synthesis is small, so the monomer IgE on mast cell stimulation effects may be limited to immature mast cells (16) . However, single IgE-mediated histamine synthesis may aggravate the symptoms of chronic allergic reactions, because usually in these diseases, serum IgE levels were significantly increased.
histamine on the immune cells
2009 年 12 月 04 日
and storage stability of the particles in the opposite type of histamine, with dynamic features that “can be induced or newborn.” Histamine is generally associated with L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC)-induced synthesis of (4), mammalian cells, the enzyme is rate-limiting enzyme of histamine synthesis. Non-mast cell histamine in the synthesis of the first in the W / WV mice confirmed that this mouse is caused by phorbol esters mature mast cell-deficient (5). Recent studies showed that histamine-induced sources can be a possible candidate cells are activated macrophages and neutrophils (6 – 10). Because these cells have a relatively high activity, and spontaneous release of histamine, was in line with “induced” histamine requirements.
Recent studies showed that histamine can regulate monocyte and dendritic cell maturation and function of play. Although the activation of monocytes and dendritic cells can also generate histamine, but the vast majority of research applications in the field is added exogenous histamine. The study found that in human monocytes, histamine H2 receptor play through Toll-like receptor ligand effect, inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-12 generation, promote the generation of IL-10 (18 – 20). Similarly, in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells can also be observed that IL-12 synthesis inhibition, IL-10 synthesis, which will lead to obtain DC2 phenotype, promote T helper cell (Th) 2 development (21, 22). Recently, H4 receptor inhibition of IL-12 synthesis has also been reported (23). In addition, immature dendritic cells, with H1 and H2 receptors, histamine can increase the co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and MHC II molecules and the expression of several chemokines, which is unique to histamine (24). Recently, Jawdat other studies have shown that, in the skin IgE / antigen stimulation, Langerhans cell migration to the draining lymph nodes of mast cell-dependent, and can be blocked by H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine (25). The in vivo findings strengthen the draining lymph nodes, Langerhans cells for effective antigen presentation process of the importance of mast cell-derived histamine. In Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis model and Kupffer cells / macrophages of the role of endogenous histamine may play a protective role in the H2 receptor (8). These two experiments are on the synthesis of endogenous histamine in mast cells is the former, the latter is the Kupffer cells / macrophages.
monocytes and dendritic cells
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had previously been reported although Con A activated T lymphocytes also have histamine synthesis (11), but T-cell-derived histamine in the concept needs further study confirmed.
of histamine on the immune response in vitro. Because in the past most of the evaluation study the role of exogenous histamine, therefore, endogenous histamine is involved in immune regulation play a role such as these, there are a lot of questions. Most storage of histamine from mast cells and basophils of (1, 2). In a variety of stimuli, including IgE-mediated antigen stimulation, the histamine stored in granules can be released, this degranulation-release of fast and short. Slow and sustained release of histamine in allergic reactions are usually only observed in the latter part of (3), which is histamine from mast cells and basophils did not release the temporary nature of the relationship.
mast cells in IgE-mediated induction of histamine synthesis

Display of an antigen-positive in 17 cases (27.4%), the two antigens showed positive in 20 cases (32.3%), the three antigens showed positive in 2 cases (3.2%), of four antigens shows positive in 1 case (3.2%), total IgE showed positive only in 19 cases (30.6%), have shown negative in 2 cases (3.2%).
1.1 Object
2 Chandra PK.Food hypersensitivity and allergicdlsease: as elective review.Am J Clin Nutr, 1997,66 (2): 526.
2.2 positive number
3 discussions
purpura (allergic purpura) is a common allergic diseases capillaries, especially in preschool and school-age children were more disease, more men than women, the clinical to the skin purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain, blood in the stool and urine for the special commercial banks scramble for unlimited credit card charges can not waiver on the cake of years levy. Purpura of unknown etiology, is currently considered to be an immune response to disease. To further understand the serum allergen-specific IgE in children with recurrent episodes of purpura in the role, to explore a variety of allergens and disease pathogenesis, the authors used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected 62 cases of recurrent purpura patients children with serum allergen-specific IgE. The results reported below.
this group of patients allergic to two allergens highest proportion (32.3%), followed by allergy of a allergen (27.4%); and most were positive, were less strongly positive reaction, and previously reported in the literature mostly in patients with allergic purpura allergens for one or two show the same positive reaction [3,4]. The group 3 patients on three or more allergens were positive for both kidney damage, because cases are still small, is allergic to a variety of allergens can lead to kidney damage in patients needs further study.
2010 年 11 月 03 日
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1 Materials and Methods
allergic purpura is sensitive to a variety of pathogenic factors that have the quality of the body to produce fast-onset allergy and IgA-mediated immune complex antigen-antibody reaction caused by a series of organizational injury. Allergen is widespread in the environment, in the formation of a variety of allergic diseases and morbidity, the allergen has a key role in triggering. In this study, 62 cases of total IgE antibody positive rate was 96.8%, suggesting that the majority of children with atopic constitution. Ingestion of allergen-specific IgE-positive group was significantly higher than the inhalation group, suggesting that the cause of allergic purpura in children with allergic trigger ingestion of allergens based. Ingestion of common food allergens in eggs (24.2%), milk (14.5%) more common, fish, prawns, crabs (both 11.3%) also accounted for a certain percentage, consistent with the literature [2,3], indicating protein foods children allergic purpura is an important cause of paralysis. Avoid ingestion of food allergy may prevent recurrent anaphylactoid purpura. In respiratory allergic diseases (such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, etc.) in mites and pollen are the main allergens and pathogenic factors, the current World Health Organization has mites as a major threat to human health issues to consider. Inhaled antigen in this group of mites and pollen-specific IgE positive rate, were 17.7%, suggesting that mites and pollen in allergic purpura also plays a role. There is evidence that patients with allergic symptoms and their surrounding environment in the density of mites, but also with the body sensitivity to the mites, so mites or pollen allergic purpura allergic children should be taken to avoid measures.
2 test results
References
2002 年 至 2005 year resident of cases, a total of 62 cases, including 35 males and 27 females, aged 5 to 15 years (mean 9.02 years) , are in line with ractical Pediatrics diagnostic criteria [1]. Simple skin type in 22 cases, skin purpura plus 18 cases of kidney damage, skin purpura plus gastrointestinal type in 9 cases, skin purpura plus 7-type joint damage, skin purpura plus kidney, 4 cases of gastrointestinal damage, skin purpura plus kidneys, joints Type 2 damage.
2.1 positive rate
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IgE test kit for the Zhejiang Quaker products. Children measured in peripheral blood taken on admission, patients are not taking allergy medication within 3d. Using ELESA total IgE antibodies were detected, inhaled antigen (mites, mold, mulberry, willow, plane tree pollen), food antigens (milk, protein, egg yolks, fish, shrimp, crab), dog cat dander, cockroach-specific of IgE antibodies. Peripheral blood samples collected after centrifugation the serum, except for test plate sealing plugs at both ends, the detection of serum inhalation plate, incubated at room temperature after the launch of 100min blood test board, with No. 1 reagent (buffer) lavage after inhalation of 2 reagent (enzyme-linked antibody), incubated at room temperature for 100min. Then launch test plate reagents, with the No. 1 reagent (buffer) lavage five times, inhaling 3 reagent (reagent), after 30min at room temperature observations.
1 Wu Ruiping, Hu Yamei, Jiang contained Fang Practical Pediatrics. 6th edition, Beijing: People Health Press, 2001.263.
62 cases of total IgE antibody positive rate of 96.8%. The allergen-positive rate in Table 1. Table 162 HSP patients with specific IgE test results (omitted)
4 Yu Nan, section Aixia .36 patients with serum allergen-specific IgE antibodies. Ningxia Medical College, 2003,25 (2): 103 ~ 104.
1.2 Method
3 Liu SQ, Dongsong Ying, Li Ailan. recurrent serum allergen-specific IgE in the Chinese Journal of Dermatology, 2005,19 (5): 286 – 287.

Depression currently on the induction of suicidal behavior and facilitating role, has been fully confirmed (see Figure 4). Many studies have shown that spring is the season of high incidence of depression [Fossey and Shapiro 1992, Maes et al. 1993]; spring is the peak season of suicide, which is the large number of epidemiological studies to be a common psychological findings [Petridou et al. 2002]. Depression in patients receiving the survey, nearly 2 / 3 of people have had suicidal thoughts and impulses, of which 15% to 25% of people eventually to take over suicide operations.
2004 in Finland in the spirit of epidemiologists Timonen, etc. [Timonen et al. 2004] to have the seasonal population to investigate suicide operations, according to the patients who have allergies (allergic rhinitis, asthma and urticaria) distinguish between history, a history of seasonal allergies found between the suicide is very closely linked. 2005 University of Maryland Pathology Department of Psychology Postolache tree pollen and other scholars have found the peak of suicide among young women with close ties [Postolache. 2005], the peak of tree pollen relative to their suicide rate increased by 2 times. Interestingly, the peak of tree pollen, the male suicide rate did not significantly affect [Timonen et al. 2002, 2003a and 2003b], a reasonable explanation: female estrogen, the body of patients with allergic Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) has a strong synergistic effect, promoting the rapid synthesis and secretion of B-cell-specific IgE, leading to more serious than men allergic inflammation, and eventually induce these young women to commit suicide.
1.2 induced allergy in indoor air risk factors
3. indoor air pollution and the relationship between mental disorders ( Indoor Air Pollution and Mental Disorder )
Keywords : indoor air pollution, allergies, allergens , adjuvants, stimulate original allergies, depression, suicidal behavior
allergy symptoms of depression and suicidal behavior induce and promote the role of medical psychology research, a new hot spot. There are a few powerful international medical psychology research institutes (such as the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health) is conducting a new round of the basic research, is committed to open gap from allergies, in addition to genes other than looking for depression and suicide behavior have a significant impact on the role of exogenous material cause, thus opening up the prevention and treatment of depression and suicidal behavior of new theories and new ways.
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The so-called “allergy (atopy)” refers to the body of the helper T cell subsets between the balance is broken, two sub-categories group (Th2) in the over-activation of a class of subsets (Th1) in the relative suppression of the pathological state (see Figure 2, Figure 3). Reflect the objective Th2 activation biomarkers are IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-5, IL-9, often preferred IL-4 as representatives; reflect the suppression of Th1 main objective biomarkers interference factor g (INFg), tumor necrosis factor b (TNFb), IL-2, often preferred INFg represented. International is also often used IL-4/INFg to reflect the relative ratio of the relative level of allergy and severity.
1.1 allergy research
Figure 1. I-type allergic reaction mechanism map (quote from “Immunology Education Network”)
2. allergies and mental disorders ( Allergy and Mental Disorder )
Lu, Z., Li, CM, Qiao, Y., Liu, Y., Yan, Y., Yang, X. (2005). Type II vanilloid receptor signaling system: one of the possible mechanisms for the rise in asthma cases. Frontiers in Bioscience 10 , 2527-2533.
Kang, H., Yu, J., Yoo, Y., Kim, DK,